I am also interested in this, but I didn't get it working. Could you please provide more details on how to set it up? A few snippets for the Powershell would be very helpful. Allowing DHCP traffic out, seems to be an default rule with Windows 10.
Hello!
Something like this will do the trick, starting from a clean status and Windows Firewall enabled. Make sure you operate from a Powershell with administrator privileges. The rules will survive at reboot. You must adjust your local network address/netmask (change 192.168.0.0/16 and fe80::/10 if necessary). Do not proceed if you don't understand exactly every single command; instead, get documented first.
netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="Allow DHCPv4" protocol=UDP dir=out localport=67,68 action=allow
netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="Allow DHCPv6" protocol=UDP dir=out localport=546,547 action=allow
netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="Allow Local IPv4 Network" protocol=TCP dir=out remoteip=192.168.0.0/16 action=allow
netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="Allow Local IPv6 Network" protocol=TCP dir=out remoteip=fe80::/10 action=allow
netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="Allow Localhost Outbound" dir=out action=allow remoteip=127.0.0.1
netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="Block All Other Outbound Traffic" dir=out action=block protocol=any
You may also consider to backup the rules and enable them only when needed, instead of keeping them permanent. Check your system manual to do this.
Kind regard